Technical Results

AHRI Reports

Title	Author(s)	Year	Project ID
Assessment of Incompatibility of HVAC Equipment and Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) Breakers-Phase \| Report	S. Bunton, A. Wright, S. Minehan	2023	AHRI-8029
Role of Combustion-based Building Equipment in Decarbonization	P. Glanville	2023	AHRI-8030
Repeatability and Reproducibility Assessment of CSA EXP07:19 and AHRI 210-240:2023	P. Dhillon, T. Horton, J. Braun	2022	AHRI–8026
Risk Assessment of Transport Refrigeration Systems Using A2L Flammable Refrigerants,	T. Lewandowski and J. Kondziolka	2022	AHRI-8023
A2L Refrigerants and Firefighter Tactical Considerations	G. Hunter	2021	AHRI–8028
Assessment of Hydrogen Enriched Natural Gas	.A. Needley and L. Peronski	2021	AHRI–8024
Investigation of Energy Produced by Potential Ignition Sources in Residential Application	D.K. Kim and P.B. Sunderland	2017	AHRI–8017
The Effect of Lower Return Air Temperatures on Furnace Heat Exchangers	R. Sandstrom et al	2017	AHRI–8014
Field Evaluation Methods of Combustion Equipment in Residences	N. Hughes and C. Suchovsky	2017	AHRI–8011
Review of Refrigerant Management Programs	Navigant Consulting	2016	AHRI–8018
Risk Assessment of Class 2L Refrigerants in Commercial Rooftop Units	B. Goetzler et al	2016	AHRI–8016
Developing Fan Power Terminal Unit Performance Data and Models Compatible with Energy Plus	D. O'Neal et al, J. Bryan et al, and P. Yin	2016	AHRI–8012
A Study of Methods to Represent Compressor Performance Data over an Operating Envelope Based on a Finite Set of Test Data	V. Aute, C. Martin, and R. Radermacher	2015	AHRI–8013
Risk Assessment of Refrigeration Systems Using A2L Flammable Refrigerants	Gradient Corp	2015	AHRI–8009
Material Compatibility & Lubricants Research for Low–GWP Refrigerants–Phase II: Chemical and Material Compatibility of Low GWP Refrigerants with HVACR Materials of Construction	J. Majurin et al	2014	AHRI–8007
The Impact of Duct Design on Life Cycle Costs of Central Residential Heating and Air–conditioning Systems	B. Stephens	2014	AHRI–8002
Universal Vent Test Report	P. Glanville	2013	AHRI–8010
Low Global Warming Potential (GWP) Refrigerants, Phase II: Defining the Configurations of Residential Air–Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems Using Hydrocarbons, Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, and HFO–1234yf as Refrigerants and Meeting Previously Defined Safety Requirements	W. Goetzler, D. Westphalen, and J. Burgos	2013	AHRI–8006
Risk Assessment of Class 2L Refrigerants in Chiller Systems	B. Goetzler, M. Guernsey, and C. Weber	2013	AHRI–8005
Risk Assessment of Residential Heat Pump Systems Using 2L Flammable Refrigerants	T. Lewandowski	2012	AHRI–8004
Technical Feasibility Study Carbon Monoxide Sensing Safety Systems for Appliances	D. Kalensky, and F. Johnson	2011	AHRI–8001
Thermal Stability and Chemical Compatibility of R–22 Replacement Refrigerants	R. Cavestri, M. El–Shazly, and D. Seeger–Clevenger	2010	AHRI–8003

AHRTI Reports

Title	Author(s)	Year	Project ID
Materials Compatibility and Lubricants Research for Low GWP Refrigerants: Chemical Stability of Low GWP Refrigerants with Lubricants	S. Kujak et al.	2022	AHRTI–9016-1
Assessment of Refrigerant Leakage Mitigation Effectiveness for Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment	M. Skierkiewicz and B. Rodgers	2021	AHRTI-9015
Refrigerant Detector Characteristics for Use in HVACR Equipment	J. Zheng and S. Elbel	2021	AHRTI–9014
Experimental Study on the Consequences of Full-scale Ignition Events Involving the A2L Refrigerant R-454C	S. Davis and J. Pagliaro	2019	AHRTI–9013
Benchmarking Risk by Whole Room Scale Leaks and Ignitions Testing of A3 Refrigerants	G. Hunter	2019	AHRTI–9007–02
Experimental Study on the Consequences of Full-scale Ignition Events Involving the A2L Refrigerant R-454C	S. Davis and J. Pagliaro	2019	AHRTI–9013
Hot Surface Ignition of A2L Refrigerants	M. Cundy	2017	AHRTI–9008
Leak Detection of A2L Refrigerants in HVACR Equipment	M. Wagner and R. Ferenchiak,	2017	AHRTI–9009
Benchmarking Risk by Whole Room Scale Leaks and Ignitions Testing of A2L Refrigerants	P. Gandhi et al	2017	AHRTI–9007–01
Joining Techniques Assessment	D. Clodic and Y. Yu	2014	AHRTI–9006
ASHRAE SPC 177P Fractionation Apparatus Evaluation	A. Kusmierz	2013	AHRTI–9005
Novel Materials for Heat Exchangers, Phase II Report	A Jacobi et al	2013	AHRTI–06030–02
Performance Standards for Walk–in Refrigerator and Freezer Systems	B. Becker, B. Fricke, and B. Sartin,	2012	AHRTI–9002–01
Material Compatibility & Lubricants Research for Low GWP Refrigerants – Phase I: Thermal and Chemical Stability of Low GWP Refrigerants with Lubricants	N. D. Rohatgi, R. W. Clark, and D. R. Hurst	2012	AHRTI–9004–01
Void Fraction Measurement and Modeling for Condensing Refrigerant Flows in Small Diameter Tubes	T.A. Shedd	2012	AHRTI–20110–01
Life Cycle Climate Performance Model for Residential Heat Pump Systems	M. Zhang et al	2011	AHRTI–9003–01
Review of Regulations and Standards for the Use of Refrigerants with GWP Values Less than 20 in HVAC&R Applications	W. Goetzler et al	2010	ARTI–09001–01
Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements and CFD–Based Predictions of Air Distribution at Evaporator Inlet and Outlet	D. Yashar and P. Domanski	2009	ARTI–07010–01
Novel Materials for Heat Exchangers, Phase I Report	A. Jacobi et al	2008	ARTI–06030–01
Electro–Osmosis for Dehumidification	D. Gerlach	2008	ARTI–10090–02
Recovery of Throttling Losses by a Two–Phase Ejector in a Vapor Compression Cycle	F. Liu and E. Groll	2008	ARTI–10110–01
Near–Critical/Supercritical Heat Transfer Measurements of R–410A in Small Diameter Tube	S. Garimella	2008	ARTI–20120–01
Electrostatic Forces and Water Sprays for Temperature, Humidity, and Indoor Air Quality Control	J. Hensley and J. Bryan	2008	ARTI-20140–01
Thermoelectric Technology Assessment	Yang	2007	ARTI–10120–01 — currently in development
Whole House Ventilation System Options – Phase 1 Simulation Study	J. Lstiburek, B. Pettit, and A. Rudd	2007	ARTI–30090–01

21CR Program Reports

Electronic copies of 21CR project reports are available upon request from AHRI Vice President of Research.

Strategic Reports

Report	Author Name
Strategic Planning for the HVACR Industry, Report I – Industry Opportunities	J. M. Tooman, Inc., 2001
Strategic Planning for the HVACR Industry, Report II – Research Recommendations	J. M. Tooman, Inc., 2001

Emerging Technologies Project Reports

ARTI Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
The Efficiency Limits of Water Vapor Compressors Suitable for Air–Conditioning Applications	Wright, Yoshinaka, Le Drew, and D'Orsi, 2000	ARTI–21CR/605–10010–01
Microchannel Heat Exchangers with Carbon Dioxide	Zhao, Ohadi, and Radermacher, 2001	ARTI–21CR/605–10020–01
Evaluation of the Performance Potential of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as a Refrigerant in Air–to–Air Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps: System Modeling and Analysis	Ortiz, Li and Groll, 2003	ARTI–21CR/610–10030–01
Evaluating the Performance of Thermoacoustic Cooling	Braun, Mongeau, Minner, Alexander, and Paek, 2001	ARTI–21CR/610–10040–01
Fundamental Understanding of Heat and Mass Transfer in Ammonia–Water Absorber	Garimella, 2006	ARTI–21CR/612–10050–01 Interim Report – Phase 1
Fundamental Understanding of Heat and Mass Transfer in Ammonia–Water Absorber — Phase 2	Garimella, 2007	ARTI–21CR/612–10050–02 Final Report — Phase 2
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Compressor–Expander Analysis	Huff and Radermacher, 2003	TI–21CR/611–10060–01
Measurement of Performance of Carbon Dioxide Compressors	Hubacher and Groll, 2002	ARTI–21CR/611–10070–01
Model and Evaluation Tools for Assessing Magnetocaloric Effect for Space Conditioning and Refrigeration Applications	Engelbrecht, Nellis, and Klein, 2005	ARTI–21CR–612–10075–01
Use of Water Vapor as a Refrigerant: Part II; Cycle Modifications and System Impacts on Commercial Feasibility	Lachner Jr., Nellis, and Reindl, 2004	ARTI–21CR/611–10080–01

HVAC&R Energy Efficiency Project Reports

ARTI Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
Evaluating the Ability of Unitary Equipment to Maintain Adequate Space Humidity Levels	Brandemuehl and Katejanekarn, 2001	ARTI–21CR/605–20010–01
Evaluating the Ability of Unitary Equipment to Maintain Adequate Space Humidity Levels — Phase II	Witte and Henninger, 2006	ARTI–21CR/605–20011–01 ARTI–21CR/605–20011–01A Appendices
An Assessment of the State–of–the–Art and Potential Design Improvements, for Flat–tube Heat Exchangers in Air–Conditioning and Refrigeration Applications — Phase I	Jacobi, Park, Tafti, and Zhang, 2001	ARTI–21CR/605–20020–01
Flat–Tube Heat Exchangers in Air–Conditioning and Refrigeration Applications — Phase II	Jacobi, Park, Zhong, Michna, and Xia, 2005	ARTI–21CR/611–20021–01
Application of High–Temperature Mold Materials to Die Cast Copper Motor Rotor for Improved Efficiency	author	link
*Economical Copper Rotor Production*	Peters, Cowie, Brush, Jr., and Midson, 2003	ARTI–21CR/605–20030–01
Motor Test Results, Copper vs. Aluminum	Brush, Jr., Cowie, Peters, and Van Son, 2003	ARTI–21CR/605–20030–02
Refrigerant Evaporation Characteristics Inside Flat Passages	Thome and Quiben, 2005	ARTI–21CR/605–20040–01
Potential Benefits of Smart Refrigerant Distributors	Payne and Domanski, 2003	ARTI–21CR/610–20050–01
High Condensing Temperature Heat Transfer Performance of Low Critical Temperature Refrigerants	High Condensing Temperature Heat Transfer Performance of Low Critical Temperature Refrigerants. (ARTI–21CR/610–20060–01)	ARTI–21CR/610–20060–01
Variable Primary Flow Chilled Water Systems: Potential Benefits and Application Issues	Bahnfleth and Peyer, 2004	ARTI–21CR/611–20070–01
Critical Literature Review on Lubricant Influence in Refrigerant Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop	Shen and Groll, 2003	ARTI–21CR/611–20080–01
Comparison of the Total Energy Consumption of Series vs. Parallel Fan Powered VAV Terminal Units	N/A	1292–RP
Phase I Development of Models for Series and Parallel Fan Variable Air Volume Terminal Units	Furr, Jr., O'Neal, Davis, Bryant; and Cramlet, 2007	ARTI–21CR/612–20090–01, Phase 1 Report
Phase 2 Comparison of the Total Energy Consumption of Series versus Parallel Fan Powered VAV Terminal Units	Davis; Bryant, O'Neal, Hervey; and Cramlet, 2007	ARTI–21CR/612–20090–02, Phase 2 Report

System Integration Project Reports

ARTI Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
*Defining the Effectiveness of UV Lamps Installed in Circulating Air Ductwork*	N/A	N/A
*ARTI–21CR/610–40030–01*	VanOsdell and Foarde	*ARTI–21CR/610–40030–01*
*Investigation of Building Exhaust Air Re–Entrainment Into Outdoor Air Intakes of Packaged Outdoor HVAC Equipment — Phase I*	Stickford, Saunders, Hesse, Osborne, and Talbert, 2002	ARTI–21CR/610–40040–01
*Investigation of Building Exhaust Air Re–Entrainment Into Outdoor Air Intakes of Packaged Outdoor HVAC Equipment — Phase II*	Osborne, Aume, Goshe, Ricci, and Talbert, 2005	ARTI–21CR/612–40041–01
*The Role of Filtration in Maintaining Clean Heat Exchanger Coils*	Yang, Braun, and Groll, 2004	ARTI–21CR/611–40050–01
*Simulating the Performance of Natural and Hybrid Ventilation Systems in U.S. Office Buildings*	Emmerich and Crum, 2005	ARTI–21CR/611–40076–01
*Portable Mold Detectors — Operating Requirements*	Harriman, 2004	N/A
*ARTI–21CR/612–40080–01*	N/A	ARTI–21CR/612–40080–01
*Portable Mold Detectors — Survey of Potential Technologies*	Harriman, 2005	N/A
*ARTI–21CR/612–40080–02*	N/A	ARTI–21CR/612–40080–02
*Portable Mold Detectors — Technical Feasibility and Operational Requirements*	De Jesús, Balasubramanian, Bayer, Greneker, Harriman, Hendry, Rowland, Showman, Sylvester, and Trostel, 2006	ARTI–21CR/612–40080–03

Working Fluids Project Reports

ARTI Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
Investigation of R–410A Air Conditioning System Performance Operating at Extreme Ambient Temperatures up to the Refrigerant Critical Point – ORNL	Rice, 2005	ARTI–21CR/605–50015–01
Determination of Refrigerant Lower Flammability Limits in Compliance with Proposal Addendum 34p to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34 (ASHRAE 1073–RP)	Wilson and Richard, 2002	ARTI–21CR/605–50020–01
Assessment of the Commercial Implications of ASHRAE A3 Flammable Refrigerants Used in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems,	Goetzler and Dieckmann, 2001	ARTI–21CR/610–50025–01
Study of the Effects of Water in Synthetic Lubricant Systems and Clathrate Formation	Rohatgi, 2001	ARTI–21CR/610–50035–01
Development of a Reproducible Screening Method to Determine the Mechanism and Effect of Organic Acids and other Contaminants on the Corrosion of Aluminum–finned Copper–tube Heat Exchanger Coils	Corbett and Severance, 2005	ARTI–21CR/611–50055–01
Using Acid Number as a Leading Indicator of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System Performance	Cartlidge and Schellhase, 2003	ARTI–21CR/611–50060–01
Properties and Cycle Performance of Refrigerant Blends Operating Near and Above the Refrigerant Critical Point
Task 1 — Refrigerant Properties	McLinden, Laesecke, Lemmon, Magee, and Perkins, 2002	ARTI–21CR/605–50010–01–Pt1
Task 2: Air Conditioner System Study	Domanski andPayne, 2002	ARTI–21CR/605–50010–01–Pt2

MCLR Program Reports

All reports have since been consolidated in electronic format on CD–ROM and is available upon request from the AHRI Vice President of Research.

Refrigerant Properties Project Reports

Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
Thermophysical Properties	Kayser, 1993	DOE/CE/23810–16
Thermophysical Properties of HFC–143a and HFC–152a	Haynes, 1994	DOE/CE/23810–39
Thermophysical Properties of HCFC Alternatives	Haynes, 1996	DOE/CE/23810–80
Development of the REFPROP Database and Transport Properties of Refrigerants	McLinden, 1998	DOE/CE/23810–97
ARTI Refrigerant Database — Primary and Recently–added Citations	Calm, 1999	DOE/CE/23810–103
ARTI Refrigerant Database — Archival and Historical Citations	Calm, 1999	DOE/CE/23810–104
ARTI Refrigerant Database Data summaries — Volume I: Single–compound Refrigerants	Calm, 1999	DOE/CE/23810–105
*ARTI Refrigerant Database Data summaries – Volume II: Blends (Zeotropes and Azeotropes)*	Calm, 1999	DOE/CE/23810–106
ARTI Refrigerant Database Data summaries – Volume III: Toxicity and Compatibility	Calm, 1999	DOE/CE/23810–107
Toxicity Data to Determine Refrigerant Concentration Limits	Calm, 2000	DOE/CE/23810–110
Foaming Characteristics of Refrigerant / Lubricants Mixtures	Goswami, Shah, Jotshi, Bhagwat, Leung, Gregory, and Lu, 1998	DOE/CE/23810–88

Chemical Stability Project Reports

Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
Chemical and Thermal Stability of Refrigerant–lubricant Mixtures with Metals	Huttenlocher 1992	DOE/CE/23810–5
Accelerated Screening Methods for Determining Chemical and Thermal Stability of Refrigerant–lubricant Mixtures	Kauffman,1995	DOE/CE/23810–41: Volume One \| Volume Two
Accelerated Screening Methods for Determining Chemical and Thermal Stability of Refrigerant–lubricant Mixtures, Part I: Method Assessment	Kauffman, 1993	DOE/CE/23810–10

Material Compatibility Project Reports

/media/7091DOE Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
*Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with Motor Materials*	Doerr and Kujak, 1993	DOE/CE/23810–13: Volume One \| Volume Two \| Volume Three \| Volume Four
Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with Motor Materials under Retrofit Conditions	Doerr and Waite, 1996	DOE/CE/23810–63: Volume One \| Volume Two \| Volume Three \| Volume Four
Compatibility of Refrigerant and Lubricants with Elastomers	Hamed, Seiple,and Taikum, 1994	DOE/CE/23810–14
Compatibility of Refrigerant and Lubricants with Engineering Plastics	Cavestri, 1993	DOE/CE/23810–15
Sealed Tube Comparisons of the Compatibility of Desiccants with Refrigerants and Lubricants	Field, 1995	DOE/CE/23810–54
Compatibility of Manufacturing Process Fluids with R–134a and Polyolester Lubricant	Cavestri and Schooley, 1996	DOE/CE/23810–55
Compatibility of Lubricant Additives with HFC Refrigerants and Synthetic Lubricants, Part I	Cavestri, 1997	DOE/CE/23810–76
Documentation of Newly Developed Methods to Assess Material Compatibility in Refrigeration and Air–Conditioning Applications	Hawley, 1994	DOE/CE/23810–47
Accelerated Test Methods for Predicting the Life of Motor Materials Exposed to Refrigerant–lubricant Mixtures	Ellis II and Ferguson, 2000	DOE/CE/23810–94

Energy Efficiency Project Reports

DOE Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
Theoretical Evaluation of R22 and R502 Alternatives	Domanski and Didion, 1993	DOE/CE/23810–7
Evaluation of HFC–245ca for Commercial use in Low Pressure Chillers	Keuper, Hamm, and Glamm, 1996	DOE/CE/23810–67: Volume One \| Volume Two
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Enhancement of Pool and in–tube Boiling of Alternate Refrigerants	Ohadi, Dessiatoun, Singh, Fanni, 1993	DOE/CE/23810–17
Impact of Air and Refrigerant Maldistributions on the Performance of Finned–tube Evaporators with R–22 and R–407C	Lee and Domanski, 1997	DOE/CE/23810–81

Lubricant Project Reports

DOE Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
Miscibility of Lubricants with Refrigerants	Pate, Zoz, and Berkenbosch, 1993	DOE/CE/23810–18
Solubility, Viscosity and Density of Refrigerant/lubricant Mixtures	Henderson, 1994	DOE/CE/23810–34
Measurement of Viscosity, Density, and Gas Solubility of Refrigerant Blends in Selected Synthetic Lubricants	Cavestri, 1995	DOE/CE/23810–46
Study of Lubricant Circulation in HVAC Systems	Biancardi, Michels, Sienel, and Pandy, 1996	DOE/CE/23810–71: Volume One \| Volume Two
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication with Polyolester Lubricants and HFC Refrigerants	Gunsel and Pozebanchuk, 1999	DOE/CE/23810–102: Volume One \| Volume Two
Accelerated Screening Methods for Predicting Lubricant Performance in Refrigerant Compressors	Cusano, Yoon, and Poppe, 1994	DOE/CE/23810–45

Refrigerant Flammability Project Reports

DOE Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
Methods Development for Measuring and Classifying Flammability/Combustibility of Refrigerants, Task 1: Annotated Bibliography and Summary	Heinonen and Tapscott, 1994	DOE/CE/23810–42G
Methods Development for Measuring and Classifying Flammability/Combustibility of Refrigerants, Task 2: Test Plan	Heinonen and Tapscott, 1994	DOE/CE/23810–42H
Methods Development for Measuring and Classifying Flammability/Combustibility of Refrigerants, Task 3: Laboratory Test Results	Heinonen, Tapscott, and Crawford, 1994	DOE/CE/23810–50
Lean Flammability Limit as a Fundamental Refrigerant Property, Phase I	Womeldorf, King, and Grosshandler, 1995	DOE/CE/23810–58
Lean Flammability Limit as a Fundamental Refrigerant Property, Phase II	Womeldorf and Grosshandler, 1996	DOE/CE/23810–68
Lean Flammability Limit as a Fundamental Refrigerant Property, Phase III	Grosshandler, Donnelly, and Womeldorf, 1998	DOE/CE/23810–98
Investigation into the Fractionation of Refrigerant Blends	Biancardi, Michels, Sienel, and Pandy, 1996	DOE/CE/23810–75
Refrigerant Flammability Testing in Large Volume Vessels, Flammability Criterion Determination for ASTM E681	Richard, 1998	DOE/CE/23810–87
Risk Assessment of HFC–32 and HFC–32/134a (30/70 wt%) in Split System Residential Heat Pumps	Goetzler, Bendixen, and Bartholomew, 1998	DOE/CE/23810–92

Refrigerant Contaminant Control Project Reports

DOE Report Name	Report Author(s)	Report ID
Investigation of Flushing and Clean–out Methods for Refrigeration Equipment to Ensure System Compatibility	Byrne, Shows, and Abel, 1996	DOE/CE/23810–73
Products of Motor Burnout	Hawley–Fedder, Goerz, Koester, and Wilson, 1996	DOE/CE/23810–74
Effect of Selected Contaminants in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment,	Cavestri, Falconi, Ruona, and Schooley, 2000	DOE/CE/23810–111
Effects of Temperature on Desiccant Catalysis of Refrigerant and Lubricant Decompositions	Rohatgi, 1998	DOE/CE/23810–95
Equilibrium Point Dryness and Water Capacity of Desiccants with Alternative Refrigerants	Cavestri and Schafer, 2000	DOE/CE/23810–108
Water Solubility and Clathrate Hydrates in HFC Refrigerants and Refrigerant Blends	Cavestri and Schafer, 2000	DOE/CE/23810–112
Infrared Analysis of Refrigerant Mixtures	Morse, 1998	DOE/CE/23810–82
Methods Development for Organic Contaminant Determination in Fluorocarbon Refrigerant Azeotropes and Blends	Byrne, Abel, and Gbur, 1998	DOE/CE/23810–85
Development and Consolidation of Gas Chromatography Methods for Appendix C to ARI 700	Byrne, Gbur, and Gehring, 2000	DOE/CE/23810–109